Содержание1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив - одной чертой, причастие - двумя чертами, герундий - волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In his early youth, Faraday had to save money to buy the apparatuses and instruments necessary for his experiments.
2. We know him to have taken interest in many scientific and technical issues of his period.
3. After a while, Faraday set to work on another important problem, that of magnetism and its effects.
4. Electricity was thought to be ‘rays’ or ‘stream’ that passed from the material being rubbed.
5. It was Humphry Davy, an outstanding British scientist and the most popular lecturer in London, who helped Faraday to become an assistant at the laboratory of the Royal Institute.
6. To make up a pound of electric particles would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.
2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений.
1. The computers provide the services we can’t imagine our life without, for instance Internet, mobile telephony, digital cameras, etc.
2. The properties of the semi-conducting materials the microprocessor technology is based on were discovered only in the middle of the XX century.
3. Franklin solved the problem of lightning formation a lot of researches had been trying to solve before.
4. Electron digital computers perform both arithmetical and logical operations with speed and accuracy people can’t achieve.
5. The elementary particles the atom consists of are negatively charged electrons in set orbits around the nucleus, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons making up the nucleus.
3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различая в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.
1. Being a young man, Yablochkov decided to give up a most brilliant career for a hard life of an inventor and a researcher.
2. Getting no aid from the government, Prof. Garry Lowland had to spend all he had on his experiments.
3. While making a series of experiments with the induction coil, he found out that the alternating current had many advantages over the direct current.
4. Having discovered that carbon filaments were not efficient enough, Lodygin tried to find some other material, more suitable for the purpose.
5. If placed in an evacuated glass bulb and heated by electric current, a tungsten filament presents the most suitable material for an incandescent lamp.
4. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия.
1. If the properties of semiconductors hadn’t been discovered, the fast development of radio engineering, automatics, chemistry, electronics and many other fields of modern science and technology would have been impossible.
2. Faraday knew that if the current flew through the copper wire wound around an iron core, the iron would turn into the magnet.
3. If the same quantity of electricity passes through different electrolytes, the weights of substances liberated will be in the ratio of their equivalent weights.
4. If Ampere hadn’t paid attention to Oerstaed’s experiments, he wouldn’t have discovered the law we know now as Ampere’s rule.
5. If the alternating current is applied to the cathode, the tube will conduct only during one half of each cycle, i.e. while the cathode is negative and the anode or the plate is positive.
5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов.
1. The most famous scientists, Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time.
2. Some scientists abroad are said to have attacked Franklin’s point of view on the electric nature of the lightning phenomenon.
3. All the man’s knowledge in the field of electricity is known to have been obtained by different scientists during the past 400 years or so.
4. A fuse is known to include a wire made of metal with low melting point, which is heated sufficiently to melt by the excessive current passing through the circuit and, thus, breaks the circuit.
5. Some types of reactors are reported to produce more nuclear fuel during their operation than they consume.
6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.
1. Faraday suggested that when the current flew through the copper wire wound around an iron core, the iron would turn into the magnet.
2. The founders of Microsoft realized that personal computers would be much better if users could program them in BASIC - a popular user-friendly computer language - instead of machine code.
3. Before engineers begin to construct any transmission line, they should take into consideration the safety of the environment it will run through.
4. You should connect the metal parts of the installation under voltage with ground by means of safety earthening to reduce the danger of electric shock.
5. All the visitors of the agricultural exhibition were invited to see the new installation in action.Введение1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив - одной чертой, причастие - двумя чертами, герундий - волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In his early youth, Faraday had to save money to buy the apparatuses and instruments necessary for his experiments.
В своей ранней молодости, Фарадей должен был экономить деньги, для того чтобы купить аппаратуру (приборы) и инструменты необходимые для его экспериментов.
2. We know him to have taken interest in many scientific and technical issues of his period.
Мы знаем, что он интересовался многими научно-техническими публикациями (событиями) его периода.
3. After a while, Faraday set to work on another important problem, that of magnetism and its effects.
Через некоторое время Фарадей принялся за работу над другим важным вопросом, вопросом магнетизма и его влияния (действий).
4. Electricity was thought to be ‘rays’ or ‘stream’ that passed from the material being rubbed.
Считалось (полагалось), что электричество представляет собой «лучи» или «поток», который шел от материала, который натирали.
5. It was Humphry Davy, an outstanding British scientist and the most popular lecturer in London, who helped Faraday to become an assistant at the laboratory of the Royal Institute.
Именно Хэмфри Дэйви, выдающийся британский ученый и самый популярный лектор в Лондоне, помог Фарадею стать ассистентом в лаборатории Королевского Института.
6. To make up a pound of electric particles would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.
Для того чтобы собрать фунт электрических частиц, надо было бы взять тех частиц больше, чем капель воды в Атлантическом океане.
5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов.
1. The most famous scientists, Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time.
Так произошло, что самые известные ученые, Ломоносов и Фрэнклин, проводили свои эксперименты в области атмосферного электричества приблизительно в одно и то же время.
2. Some scientists abroad are said to have attacked Franklin’s point of view on the electric nature of the lightning phenomenon
Как говорят, некоторые ученые за границей, критиковали взгляд Фрэнклина на электрическую природу явления молнии.
3. All the man’s knowledge in the field of electricity is known to have been obtained by different scientists during the past 400 years or so.
Как известно, знание всего человечества в области электричества, было получено различными учеными в течение последних 400 лет или около этого.
4. A fuse is known to include a wire made of metal with low melting point, which is heated sufficiently to melt by the excessive current passing through the circuit and, thus, breaks the circuit.
Плавкий предохранитель (пробка), как известно, включает провод, сделанный из металла с низкой точкой плавления, которая нагрета достаточно для того, чтобы плавиться при чрезмерном токе, проходящим через цепь и, таким образом, разрушает цепь.
5. Some types of reactors are reported to produce more nuclear fuel during their operation than they consume.
Некоторые типы реакторов, как сообщают, производят во время своей работы больше ядерного топлива, чем они потребляют.ЛитератураSEMICONDUCTORS
The term "Semiconductors" means "half-conductors", that is, a material the conductivity of which ranges between that of conductors and non-conductors (or insulators, as they are most of the time called by practicing power engineers). They include a great variety of basic elements (silicon, germanium, selenium, phosphorus and others), many chemical compounds and complexes (oxides, sulphides, etc.), as well as numerous ores and minerals.
While the conductivity of metals is very little influenced by temperature, the conductivity of semiconductors increases sharply with their heating, and it falls abruptly with their cooling. This co-relative dependence has opened great prospects for employing semiconductor in measuring instruments, that operate basing on recent scientific researches and modern energy techniques. Light as well as heat increases the conductivity of semiconducting materials, this principle being used in creating photoresistances. It is also widely applied for switching on engines, for counting parts and single units on an automatic conveyer belt, as well as for various systems of emergency signals and for reproducing sound in cinematography. Besides reacting to light, semiconductors react to all kinds of radiations and are therefore employed in designing electronic counters.
Converting heat into electricity without using boilers or other machines and with little energy losses was one of the most complicated engineering problems that was faced by power researchers. This could be done by means of metal thermo-couples, which later on were made of semiconductors that generated ten times as much electricity as the metal ones.
Sunlight, like heat, wind or tide, can feed our electric circuits. Photocells made of semiconducting materials are capable of transforming ten per cent of sunray energy into electric power. By burning wood, which has accumulated the same amount of solar energy, we obtain only fractions of one per cent of electric power, which is so much vital for our domestic and industrial purposes. The electricity generated by semiconductor thermocouples can produce not only heat but also cold, this principle being used in manufacturing cooling installations, including small-sized refrigerators.
Semiconductors are determining the progress of radio engineering, farm and industrial automation, some branches of chemistry, electrical engineering and many other fields of science and broader power installation design and application.
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