СодержаниеTable of contents
Table of contents 1
All has begun with trade relations 1
А) Origin, development of trade relations 1
B) Influence on culture of Russia 2
C)Creation of English court yard 3
The British traditions in architecture of the country 4
The State Historical Museum 4
The Spasska tower 5
The Metropol Hotel 6
Private residences of architect Valkott 8
Conclusions 10ВведениеAll has begun with trade relations
А) Origin, development of trade relations
The significant place was borrowed with British in trade. To all Moscow the shop " Мюр and Мерилиз " was famous, the based Andrew Mjurom and Archibald have measured. There was a firm since 1842, but in Moscow its shop has opened much later - on September, 10th, 1885 in the house at a corner of Petrovka and the Theatrical area, altered young then the architect the Novel Klein. This building has completely burned down in 1900 and on its place the same Klein who has become by then by one the most known architects of Moscow, has built a new big building with use in registration of Gothic details. " Mur and Mereliz " on trade turnovers was the second in Russia (after shop of the Petersburg Guards society) and was famous for that sent the sold goods in any place of the huge country, cost not less than 50 roubles. The company has based also furniture factory for which R.I.Klein has built industrial buildings in the Hunting lane.
Other known English shop was on Kuznetsk to the bridge, in the street, become with the end of XVIII century center of the smart trading institutions belonged, basically, to the Frenchmen. This shop under the name " Le Magazin Anglais ", settled down in house, English family Shanks owned. The founder of business was James Shanks who has enrolled in the Moscow merchant class in 1867. It lived in own house on Pokrovka (# 37), the small wooden building built after a fire of 1812. James Shanks was known for that it has based the club of fans of rowing first in Moscow for which have specially written out boats from London. Speak, what exactly it had the car first in Moscow which have immediately caused confusion in city streets.
In Alexey Mihajlovich's reign English merchants have lost the exclusive position as their duty-free trade began to cause more and more increasing counteraction of Russian merchants. Using that in England was will derthrow, and then казнен lawful monarch Charles I, tsar Alexey Mihajlovich the decree from June, first, 1649 in general has forbidden duty-free English trade in Russia: "... And nowadays to Great Sovereign to our Imperial Majesty it is conducted it was made, that Englishmen всею землею have made the big malicious business, the Sovereign Карлуса of King have killed to death, and for such malicious business in Moskovsk the State to you to be it was not possible.
Thus, from the middle of XVII century Englishmen any more had no exclusive position in Russia and since then the separate big colony in Moscow was not, though they continued to play a significant role in various spheres.
B) Influence on culture of Russia
Influence of Englishmen in Russia becomes appreciable only since second half XVI century after an establishment of close trading communications between two states. In 1553 the society of merchants-businessmen (" Merchants-Adventure rs ") for opening the countries, the grounds, islands, the states and possession unknown and even hitherto sea by not visited was organized ".
Cultural contacts of Russia and England developed during many years had considerable value: in Russia closely watched development of a science and technics in the Great Britain. Since that time when in structure of the Royal society the first Russian - colleague Peter I Alexander Danilovich Menshikov has been selected, both English, aЛитератураConclusions
The British culture has rendered significant influence on shape of Moscow. A plenty of various buildings, architectural creations has been created. Cultural contacts of Russia and England developed during many years had considerable value: in Russia closely watched development of a science and technics in the Great Britain. Owing to that numerous creations of architecture during many centuries have been created, the architecture of Moscow was considerably diversified.
The English architecture was and remains primary in relation to the majority of world architecture. It concerns as colonies of British Empire above which the sun never came, and English kriptocoloies.
For example, influence English архитектуры-later two centuries - is traced in so-called "Stalin" architecture. Сталинистская the architecture (1950N) - according to Тарханову and Кавтарадзе - has grown from Stalin's acquaintance to architecture of the Municipal building in New York. At designing the Municipal building in New York (1913-14) architects were inspired by export neoclassicism of the historical native land - the British empire style (British Empire).
The empire style has found the finally embodiment in English architecture 1860-80-O years, however the basic theoretical - and the first practical - the development led occurrence of a universal fashion on neoclassicism, have been made by English architects in 1750th years on the basis of the archeologic information collected in extensive possession of British Empire. It is conventional, that England has considerably affected architecture in a structure of new architectural buildings.
Thus, the "Stalin" architecture is a variant of English neoclassicism with backlog in 200 years from the primary source, and the goods of the second freshness imported through the USA.
Total dependence of the American architectural landscape on a heritage of former mother country widely admits. So-called "colonial" houses, first of all New England Colonial, till now dominate over the American city and rural building, repeatedly generated during all last century (Colonial Revival) and continue to be under construction now (Neo-Colonial).
Even having lost the formal imperial status, England keeps the superiority in world sheets of architectural fashions, being their conventional legislator (Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Zaha Hadid, etc.). The aristocratic architectural fashion of England strikingly contrasts with a trite architectural fashion of the countries-plebeians a-la "modernist style".
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